2. S.R. Lustig, J.M. Caruthers, and N.A. Peppas, "Continuum Thermodynamics and Transport Theory for Polymer-Fluid Mixtures," Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 3037, 1992.

3. D.J. Kim, J.M. Caruthers, and N.A. Peppas, "Penetrant Transport in Crosslinked Polystyrene", Macromolecules, 26, 1841, 1993.

4. D. J. Kim, J. M. Caruthers, N. A. Peppas, and E. VonMeerwall, "Self-and Mutual-Diffusion Coefficients in the Dodecane/Polystyrene System." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 51,661, 1994.

5. R. Sy-Siong-Kiao, J. M. Careuthers, and K. C. Chao, "Polymer Chain-of Rotators Equation of State," Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 35, 1446, 1996.

6. C. R. Novenario, J. M. Caruthers, and K. C. Chao, "A Mixing Rule to Incorporate Solution Model into Equation of State, "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 35, 269, 1996.

7. S.R. Lustig, R.M. Shay, Jr., and J.M. Caruthers, "Thermodynamic Constitutive Equations for Materials with Memory on a Material Time Scale," Journal of Rheology, 40, 1996.

A critical step in the overall spray coating process in the impact of the droplets with the surface, spreading of the droplets, evaporation of the solvent, and drying of the resulting film to high quality solid surface. A key material phenomena is the solvent diffusion and fluid and solid deformation behavior during the drying process. A fundamental understanding of these processes is essential in the development of realistic process models for the formation of high quality coated surfaces, especially for high solid loaded coatings where viscoelastic effects are important.

A primary thrust of our research group over the last decade has been to develop physically realistic models of the mechanical behavior of polymers and polymer solutions as they undergo solidification. Our group has developed unified constitutive equations that allow for the natural description of the rheological behavior in the fluid state, solid formation during the cooling, curing, and/or evaporation process, and the deformation behavior of the resulting solid. Using these constitutive equations the shear viscosity is predicted to be shear thinning and time dependent; the complex solidification dynamics in the glass transition region is predicted, and the three dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic relaxation including yield is predicted for deformations in the solid state. Moreover, the affects of deformation in the fluid and the temperature and/or concentration history during solidification on the resulting mechanical behavior of the solid are naturally accounted by these models. These models have been extended to include the transport of volatile solvents during the deformation and have been quite successful in predicting the complex solvent uptake that is observed in swelling experiments. Extensive experimental studies have been completed in order to verify the validity of the constitutive models. Using the current theoretical and experimental foundations, we are now well positioned to develop the necessary process models for the formation and drying of high solids loaded coatings.

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